Beautifulsoup4 Documentation

Beautiful Soup 4.9.0 documentation – Crummy

Beautiful Soup is a
Python library for pulling data out of HTML and XML files. It works
with your favorite parser to provide idiomatic ways of navigating,
searching, and modifying the parse tree. It commonly saves programmers
hours or days of work.
These instructions illustrate all major features of Beautiful Soup 4,
with examples. I show you what the library is good for, how it works,
how to use it, how to make it do what you want, and what to do when it
violates your expectations.
This document covers Beautiful Soup version 4. 9. 3. The examples in
this documentation should work the same way in Python 2. 7 and Python
3. 8.
You might be looking for the documentation for Beautiful Soup 3.
If so, you should know that Beautiful Soup 3 is no longer being
developed and that support for it will be dropped on or after December
31, 2020. If you want to learn about the differences between Beautiful
Soup 3 and Beautiful Soup 4, see Porting code to BS4.
This documentation has been translated into other languages by
Beautiful Soup users:
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Getting help¶
If you have questions about Beautiful Soup, or run into problems,
send mail to the discussion group. If
your problem involves parsing an HTML document, be sure to mention
what the diagnose() function says about
that document.
Here’s an HTML document I’ll be using as an example throughout this
document. It’s part of a story from Alice in Wonderland:
html_doc = “””The Dormouse’s story

The Dormouse’s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
Elsie,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.

…

“””
Running the “three sisters” document through Beautiful Soup gives us a
BeautifulSoup object, which represents the document as a nested
data structure:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, ”)
print(ettify())
#
#
# # The Dormouse’s story #
#
#
#

#
#
#

# Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
#
# Elsie
#
#,
#
# Lacie
# and
#
# Tillie
#; and they lived at the bottom of a well.
#…
#
#
Here are some simple ways to navigate that data structure:
# The Dormouse’s story
# u’title’
# u’The Dormouse’s story’
# u’head’
soup. p
#

The Dormouse’s story

soup. p[‘class’]
soup. a
# Elsie
nd_all(‘a’)
# [Elsie,
# Lacie,
# Tillie]
(id=”link3″)
# Tillie
One common task is extracting all the URLs found within a page’s tags:
for link in nd_all(‘a’):
print((‘href’))
# # #
Another common task is extracting all the text from a page:
print(t_text())
#
# Elsie,
# Lacie and
# Tillie;
# and they lived at the bottom of a well.
Does this look like what you need? If so, read on.
If you’re using a recent version of Debian or Ubuntu Linux, you can
install Beautiful Soup with the system package manager:
$ apt-get install python-bs4 (for Python 2)
$ apt-get install python3-bs4 (for Python 3)
Beautiful Soup 4 is published through PyPi, so if you can’t install it
with the system packager, you can install it with easy_install or
pip. The package name is beautifulsoup4, and the same package
works on Python 2 and Python 3. Make sure you use the right version of
pip or easy_install for your Python version (these may be named
pip3 and easy_install3 respectively if you’re using Python 3).
$ easy_install beautifulsoup4
$ pip install beautifulsoup4
(The BeautifulSoup package is not what you want. That’s
the previous major release, Beautiful Soup 3. Lots of software uses
BS3, so it’s still available, but if you’re writing new code you
should install beautifulsoup4. )
If you don’t have easy_install or pip installed, you can
download the Beautiful Soup 4 source tarball and
install it with
$ python install
If all else fails, the license for Beautiful Soup allows you to
package the entire library with your application. You can download the
tarball, copy its bs4 directory into your application’s codebase,
and use Beautiful Soup without installing it at all.
I use Python 2. 7 and Python 3. 8 to develop Beautiful Soup, but it
should work with other recent versions.
Problems after installation¶
Beautiful Soup is packaged as Python 2 code. When you install it for
use with Python 3, it’s automatically converted to Python 3 code. If
you don’t install the package, the code won’t be converted. There have
also been reports on Windows machines of the wrong version being
installed.
If you get the ImportError “No module named HTMLParser”, your
problem is that you’re running the Python 2 version of the code under
Python 3.
If you get the ImportError “No module named ”, your
problem is that you’re running the Python 3 version of the code under
Python 2.
In both cases, your best bet is to completely remove the Beautiful
Soup installation from your system (including any directory created
when you unzipped the tarball) and try the installation again.
If you get the SyntaxError “Invalid syntax” on the line
ROOT_TAG_NAME = u'[document]’, you need to convert the Python 2
code to Python 3. You can do this either by installing the package:
$ python3 install
or by manually running Python’s 2to3 conversion script on the
bs4 directory:
$ 2to3-3. 2 -w bs4
Installing a parser¶
Beautiful Soup supports the HTML parser included in Python’s standard
library, but it also supports a number of third-party Python parsers.
One is the lxml parser. Depending on your setup,
you might install lxml with one of these commands:
$ apt-get install python-lxml
$ easy_install lxml
$ pip install lxml
Another alternative is the pure-Python html5lib parser, which parses HTML the way a
web browser does. Depending on your setup, you might install html5lib
with one of these commands:
$ apt-get install python-html5lib
$ easy_install html5lib
$ pip install html5lib
This table summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each parser library:
Parser
Typical usage
Advantages
Disadvantages
Python’s
BeautifulSoup(markup, “”)
Batteries included
Decent speed
Lenient (As of Python 2. 7. 3
and 3. 2. )
Not as fast as lxml,
less lenient than
html5lib.
lxml’s HTML parser
BeautifulSoup(markup, “lxml”)
Very fast
Lenient
External C dependency
lxml’s XML parser
BeautifulSoup(markup, “lxml-xml”)
BeautifulSoup(markup, “xml”)
The only currently supported
XML parser
html5lib
BeautifulSoup(markup, “html5lib”)
Extremely lenient
Parses pages the same way a
web browser does
Creates valid HTML5
Very slow
External Python
dependency
If you can, I recommend you install and use lxml for speed. If you’re
using a very old version of Python – earlier than 2. 3 or 3. 2 –
it’s essential that you install lxml or html5lib. Python’s built-in
HTML parser is just not very good in those old versions.
Note that if a document is invalid, different parsers will generate
different Beautiful Soup trees for it. See Differences
between parsers for details.
To parse a document, pass it into the BeautifulSoup
constructor. You can pass in a string or an open filehandle:
with open(“”) as fp:
soup = BeautifulSoup(fp, ”)
soup = BeautifulSoup(“a web page“, ”)
First, the document is converted to Unicode, and HTML entities are
converted to Unicode characters:
print(BeautifulSoup(“Sacré bleu! “, “”))
# Sacré bleu!
Beautiful Soup then parses the document using the best available
parser. It will use an HTML parser unless you specifically tell it to
use an XML parser. (See Parsing XML. )
Beautiful Soup transforms a complex HTML document into a complex tree
of Python objects. But you’ll only ever have to deal with about four
kinds of objects: Tag, NavigableString, BeautifulSoup,
and Comment.
Tag¶
A Tag object corresponds to an XML or HTML tag in the original document:
soup = BeautifulSoup(‘Extremely bold‘, ”)
tag = soup. b
type(tag)
#
Tags have a lot of attributes and methods, and I’ll cover most of them
in Navigating the tree and Searching the tree. For now, the most
important features of a tag are its name and attributes.
Name¶
Every tag has a name, accessible as
If you change a tag’s name, the change will be reflected in any HTML
markup generated by Beautiful Soup:
= “blockquote”
tag
#

Extremely bold

Attributes¶
A tag may have any number of attributes. The tag has an attribute “id” whose value is
“boldest”. You can access a tag’s attributes by treating the tag like
a dictionary:
tag = BeautifulSoup(‘bold‘, ”). b
tag[‘id’]
# ‘boldest’
You can access that dictionary directly as
# {‘id’: ‘boldest’}
You can add, remove, and modify a tag’s attributes. Again, this is
done by treating the tag as a dictionary:
tag[‘id’] = ‘verybold’
tag[‘another-attribute’] = 1
#
del tag[‘id’]
del tag[‘another-attribute’]
# bold
# KeyError: ‘id’
(‘id’)
# None
Multi-valued attributes¶
HTML 4 defines a few attributes that can have multiple values. HTML 5
removes a couple of them, but defines a few more. The most common
multi-valued attribute is class (that is, a tag can have more than
one CSS class). Others include rel, rev, accept-charset,
headers, and accesskey. Beautiful Soup presents the value(s)
of a multi-valued attribute as a list:
css_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ”)
css_soup. p[‘class’]
# [‘body’]
css_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ”)
# [‘body’, ‘strikeout’]
If an attribute looks like it has more than one value, but it’s not
a multi-valued attribute as defined by any version of the HTML
standard, Beautiful Soup will leave the attribute alone:
id_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ”)
id_soup. p[‘id’]
# ‘my id’
When you turn a tag back into a string, multiple attribute values are
consolidated:
rel_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘
Back to the homepage

‘, ”)
rel_soup. a[‘rel’]
# [‘index’]
rel_soup. a[‘rel’] = [‘index’, ‘contents’]
print(rel_soup. p)
#

Back to the homepage

You can disable this by passing multi_valued_attributes=None as a
keyword argument into the BeautifulSoup constructor:
no_list_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ”, multi_valued_attributes=None)
no_list_soup. p[‘class’]
# ‘body strikeout’
You can use get_attribute_list to get a value that’s always a
list, whether or not it’s a multi-valued atribute:
t_attribute_list(‘id’)
# [“my id”]
If you parse a document as XML, there are no multi-valued attributes:
xml_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ‘xml’)
xml_soup. p[‘class’]
Again, you can configure this using the multi_valued_attributes argument:
class_is_multi= { ‘*’: ‘class’}
xml_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ‘xml’, multi_valued_attributes=class_is_multi)
You probably won’t need to do this, but if you do, use the defaults as
a guide. They implement the rules described in the HTML specification:
from er import builder_registry
(‘html’). DEFAULT_CDATA_LIST_ATTRIBUTES
NavigableString¶
A string corresponds to a bit of text within a tag. Beautiful Soup
uses the NavigableString class to contain these bits of text:
# ‘Extremely bold’
type()
#
A NavigableString is just like a Python Unicode string, except
that it also supports some of the features described in Navigating
the tree and Searching the tree. You can convert a
NavigableString to a Unicode string with unicode() (in
Python 2) or str (in Python 3):
unicode_string = str()
unicode_string
type(unicode_string)
#
You can’t edit a string in place, but you can replace one string with
another, using replace_with():
(“No longer bold”)
# No longer bold
NavigableString supports most of the features described in
Navigating the tree and Searching the tree, but not all of
them. In particular, since a string can’t contain anything (the way a
tag may contain a string or another tag), strings don’t support the. contents or attributes, or the find() method.
If you want to use a NavigableString outside of Beautiful Soup,
you should call unicode() on it to turn it into a normal Python
Unicode string. If you don’t, your string will carry around a
reference to the entire Beautiful Soup parse tree, even when you’re
done using Beautiful Soup. This is a big waste of memory.
BeautifulSoup¶
The BeautifulSoup object represents the parsed document as a
whole. For most purposes, you can treat it as a Tag
object. This means it supports most of the methods described in
Navigating the tree and Searching the tree.
You can also pass a BeautifulSoup object into one of the methods
defined in Modifying the tree, just as you would a Tag. This
lets you do things like combine two parsed documents:
doc = BeautifulSoup(“INSERT FOOTER HEREHere’s the footer
“, “xml”)
(text=”INSERT FOOTER HERE”). replace_with(footer)
# ‘INSERT FOOTER HERE’
print(doc)
#
#

Here’s the footer

Since the BeautifulSoup object doesn’t correspond to an actual
HTML or XML tag, it has no name and no attributes. But sometimes it’s
useful to look at its, so it’s been given the special
“[document]”:
Here’s the “Three sisters” HTML document again:
html_doc = “””
The Dormouse’s story
I’ll use this as an example to show you how to move from one part of
a document to another.
Going down¶
Tags may contain strings and other tags. These elements are the tag’s
children. Beautiful Soup provides a lot of different attributes for
navigating and iterating over a tag’s children.
Note that Beautiful Soup strings don’t support any of these
attributes, because a string can’t have children.
Navigating using tag names¶
The simplest way to navigate the parse tree is to say the name of the
tag you want. If you want the tag, just say
# The Dormouse’s story
You can do use this trick again and again to zoom in on a certain part
of the parse tree. This code gets the first tag beneath the tag:
# The Dormouse’s story
Using a tag name as an attribute will give you only the first tag by that
name:
If you need to get all the tags, or anything more complicated
than the first tag with a certain name, you’ll need to use one of the
methods described in Searching the tree, such as find_all():
# Tillie]. contents and. children¶
A tag’s children are available in a list called. contents:
head_tag =
head_tag
ntents
# [The Dormouse’s story]
title_tag = ntents[0]
title_tag
# [‘The Dormouse’s story’]
The BeautifulSoup object itself has children. In this case, the
tag is the child of the BeautifulSoup object. :
len(ntents)
# 1
ntents[0]
# ‘html’
A string does not have. contents, because it can’t contain
anything:
text = ntents[0]
# AttributeError: ‘NavigableString’ object has no attribute ‘contents’
Instead of getting them as a list, you can iterate over a tag’s
children using the. children generator:
for child in ildren:
print(child)
# The Dormouse’s story. descendants¶
The. children attributes only consider a tag’s
direct children. For instance, the tag has a single direct
child–the tag: But the <title> tag itself has a child: the string “The Dormouse’s story”. There’s a sense in which that string is also a child of the <head> tag. The. descendants attribute lets you iterate over all of a tag’s children, recursively: its direct children, the children of its direct children, and so on: for child in scendants: The <head> tag has only one child, but it has two descendants: the <title> tag and the <title> tag’s child. The BeautifulSoup object only has one direct child (the <html> tag), but it has a whole lot of descendants: len(list(ildren)) len(list(scendants)) # 26 ¶ If a tag has only one child, and that child is a NavigableString, the child is made available as # ‘The Dormouse’s story’ If a tag’s only child is another tag, and that tag has a, then the parent tag is considered to have the same as its child: If a tag contains more than one thing, then it’s not clear what should refer to, so is defined to be None: print() # None. strings and stripped_strings¶ If there’s more than one thing inside a tag, you can still look at just the strings. Use the. strings generator: for string in rings: print(repr(string)) ‘n’ # “The Dormouse’s story” # ‘n’ # ‘Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names weren’ # ‘Elsie’ # ‘, n’ # ‘Lacie’ # ‘ andn’ # ‘Tillie’ # ‘;nand they lived at the bottom of a well. ‘ # ‘… ‘ These strings tend to have a lot of extra whitespace, which you can remove by using the. stripped_strings generator instead: for string in ripped_strings: # ‘Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were’ # ‘, ‘ # ‘and’ # ‘;n and they lived at the bottom of a well. ‘ Here, strings consisting entirely of whitespace are ignored, and whitespace at the beginning and end of strings is removed. Going up¶ Continuing the “family tree” analogy, every tag and every string has a parent: the tag that contains it. You can access an element’s parent with the attribute. In the example “three sisters” document, the <head> tag is the parent of the <title> tag: title_tag = The title string itself has a parent: the <title> tag that contains it: The parent of a top-level tag like <html> is the BeautifulSoup object itself: html_tag = # <class 'autifulSoup'> And the of a BeautifulSoup object is defined as None: # None. parents¶ You can iterate over all of an element’s parents with. parents. This example uses. parents to travel from an <a> tag buried deep within the document, to the very top of the document: link = soup. a link for parent in rents: # p # body # html # [document] Going sideways¶ Consider a simple document like this: sibling_soup = BeautifulSoup(“<a>text1<c>text2</c></a>“, ”) # <a> # text1 # <c> # text2 # </c> The tag and the <c> tag are at the same level: they’re both direct children of the same tag. We call them siblings. When a document is pretty-printed, siblings show up at the same indentation level. You can also use this relationship in the code you write.. next_sibling and. previous_sibling¶ You can use. previous_sibling to navigate between page elements that are on the same level of the parse tree: xt_sibling # <c>text2</c> evious_sibling # text1 The tag has a. next_sibling, but no. previous_sibling, because there’s nothing before the tag on the same level of the tree. For the same reason, the <c> tag has a. previous_sibling but no. next_sibling: print(evious_sibling) print(xt_sibling) The strings “text1” and “text2” are not siblings, because they don’t have the same parent: # ‘text1’ In real documents, the. next_sibling or. previous_sibling of a tag will usually be a string containing whitespace. Going back to the “three sisters” document: # <a href=" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a> # <a href=" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> # <a href=" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> You might think that the. next_sibling of the first <a> tag would be the second <a> tag. But actually, it’s a string: the comma and newline that separate the first <a> tag from the second: # ‘, n ‘ The second <a> tag is actually the. next_sibling of the comma: # <a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a>. next_siblings and. previous_siblings¶ You can iterate over a tag’s siblings with. next_siblings or. previous_siblings: for sibling in xt_siblings: print(repr(sibling)) # <a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a> # ‘; and they lived at the bottom of a well. ‘ for sibling in (id=”link3″). previous_siblings: Going back and forth¶ Take a look at the beginning of the “three sisters” document: # <html><head><title>The Dormouse’s story
An HTML parser takes this string of characters and turns it into a
series of events: “open an tag”, “open a tag”, “open a
tag”, “add a string”, “close the <title> tag”, “open a tag”, and so on. Beautiful Soup offers tools for reconstructing the initial parse of the document.. next_element and. previous_element¶ The. next_element attribute of a string or tag points to whatever was parsed immediately afterwards. It might be the same as. next_sibling, but it’s usually drastically different. Here’s the final <a> tag in the “three sisters” document. Its. next_sibling is a string: the conclusion of the sentence that was interrupted by the start of the <a> tag. : last_a_tag = (“a”, id=”link3″) last_a_tag But the. next_element of that <a> tag, the thing that was parsed immediately after the <a> tag, is not the rest of that sentence: it’s the word “Tillie”: xt_element That’s because in the original markup, the word “Tillie” appeared before that semicolon. The parser encountered an <a> tag, then the word “Tillie”, then the closing </a> tag, then the semicolon and rest of the sentence. The semicolon is on the same level as the <a> tag, but the word “Tillie” was encountered first. The. previous_element attribute is the exact opposite of. next_element. It points to whatever element was parsed immediately before this one: evious_element # <a class="sister" href=" id="link3">Tillie</a>. next_elements and. previous_elements¶ You should get the idea by now. You can use these iterators to move forward or backward in the document as it was parsed: for element in xt_elements: print(repr(element)) # … Beautiful Soup defines a lot of methods for searching the parse tree, but they’re all very similar. I’m going to spend a lot of time explaining the two most popular methods: find() and find_all(). The other methods take almost exactly the same arguments, so I’ll just cover them briefly. Once again, I’ll be using the “three sisters” document as an example: By passing in a filter to an argument like find_all(), you can zoom in on the parts of the document you’re interested in. Kinds of filters¶ Before talking in detail about find_all() and similar methods, I want to show examples of different filters you can pass into these methods. These filters show up again and again, throughout the search API. You can use them to filter based on a tag’s name, on its attributes, on the text of a string, or on some combination of these. A string¶ The simplest filter is a string. Pass a string to a search method and Beautiful Soup will perform a match against that exact string. This code finds all the tags in the document: nd_all(‘b’) # [The Dormouse’s story] If you pass in a byte string, Beautiful Soup will assume the string is encoded as UTF-8. You can avoid this by passing in a Unicode string instead. A regular expression¶ If you pass in a regular expression object, Beautiful Soup will filter against that regular expression using its search() method. This code finds all the tags whose names start with the letter “b”; in this case, the <body> tag and the tag: import re for tag in nd_all(mpile(“^b”)): # b This code finds all the tags whose names contain the letter ‘t’: for tag in nd_all(mpile(“t”)): # title A list¶ If you pass in a list, Beautiful Soup will allow a string match against any item in that list. This code finds all the <a> tags and all the tags: nd_all([“a”, “b”]) # [The Dormouse’s story, # <a class="sister" href=" id="link1">Elsie</a>, True¶ The value True matches everything it can. This code finds all the tags in the document, but none of the text strings: for tag in nd_all(True): # head # a A function¶ If none of the other matches work for you, define a function that takes an element as its only argument. The function should return True if the argument matches, and False otherwise. Here’s a function that returns True if a tag defines the “class” attribute but doesn’t define the “id” attribute: def has_class_but_no_id(tag): return tag. has_attr(‘class’) and not tag. has_attr(‘id’) Pass this function into find_all() and you’ll pick up all the tags: nd_all(has_class_but_no_id) # [ The Dormouse’s story , # Once upon a time there were…bottom of a well. , # … ] This function only picks up the tags. It doesn’t pick up the <a> tags, because those tags define both “class” and “id”. It doesn’t pick up tags like <html> and <title>, because those tags don’t define “class”. If you pass in a function to filter on a specific attribute like href, the argument passed into the function will be the attribute value, not the whole tag. Here’s a function that finds all a tags whose href attribute does not match a regular expression: def not_lacie(href): return href and not mpile(“lacie”)(href) nd_all(href=not_lacie) The function can be as complicated as you need it to be. Here’s a function that returns True if a tag is surrounded by string objects: from bs4 import NavigableString def surrounded_by_strings(tag): return (isinstance(xt_element, NavigableString) and isinstance(evious_element, NavigableString)) for tag in nd_all(surrounded_by_strings): Now we’re ready to look at the search methods in detail. find_all()¶ Method signature: find_all(name, attrs, recursive, string, limit, **kwargs) The find_all() method looks through a tag’s descendants and retrieves all descendants that match your filters. I gave several examples in Kinds of filters, but here are a few more: nd_all(“title”) nd_all(“p”, “title”) # [ The Dormouse’s story ] nd_all(“a”) nd_all(id=”link2″) # [<a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a>] (mpile(“sisters”)) Some of these should look familiar, but others are new. What does it mean to pass in a value for string, or id? Why does find_all(“p”, “title”) find a tag with the CSS class “title”? Let’s look at the arguments to find_all(). The name argument¶ Pass in a value for name and you’ll tell Beautiful Soup to only consider tags with certain names. Text strings will be ignored, as will tags whose names that don’t match. This is the simplest usage: Recall from Kinds of filters that the value to name can be a string, a regular expression, a list, a function, or the value True. The keyword arguments¶ Any argument that’s not recognized will be turned into a filter on one of a tag’s attributes. If you pass in a value for an argument called id, Beautiful Soup will filter against each tag’s ‘id’ attribute: nd_all(id=’link2′) If you pass in a value for href, Beautiful Soup will filter against each tag’s ‘href’ attribute: nd_all(mpile(“elsie”)) # [<a class="sister" href=" id="link1">Elsie</a>] You can filter an attribute based on a string, a regular expression, a list, a function, or the value True. This code finds all tags whose id attribute has a value, regardless of what the value is: nd_all(id=True) You can filter multiple attributes at once by passing in more than one keyword argument: nd_all(mpile(“elsie”), id=’link1′) Some attributes, like the data-* attributes in HTML 5, have names that can’t be used as the names of keyword arguments: data_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘ <div data-foo="value">foo! </div> ‘, ”) nd_all(data-foo=”value”) # SyntaxError: keyword can’t be an expression You can use these attributes in searches by putting them into a dictionary and passing the dictionary into find_all() as the attrs argument: nd_all(attrs={“data-foo”: “value”}) # [ <div data-foo="value">foo! </div> ] You can’t use a keyword argument to search for HTML’s ‘name’ element, because Beautiful Soup uses the name argument to contain the name of the tag itself. Instead, you can give a value to ‘name’ in the name_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘<input name="email"/>‘, ”) nd_all(name=”email”) # [] nd_all(attrs={“name”: “email”}) # [<input name="email"/>] Searching by CSS class¶ It’s very useful to search for a tag that has a certain CSS class, but the name of the CSS attribute, “class”, is a reserved word in Python. Using class as a keyword argument will give you a syntax error. As of Beautiful Soup 4. 1. 2, you can search by CSS class using the keyword argument class_: nd_all(“a”, class_=”sister”) As with any keyword argument, you can pass class_ a string, a regular expression, a function, or True: nd_all(mpile(“itl”)) def has_six_characters(css_class): return css_class is not None and len(css_class) == 6 nd_all(class_=has_six_characters) Remember that a single tag can have multiple values for its “class” attribute. When you search for a tag that matches a certain CSS class, you’re matching against any of its CSS classes: nd_all(“p”, class_=”strikeout”) # [ ] nd_all(“p”, class_=”body”) You can also search for the exact string value of the class attribute: nd_all(“p”, class_=”body strikeout”) But searching for variants of the string value won’t work: nd_all(“p”, class_=”strikeout body”) If you want to search for tags that match two or more CSS classes, you should use a CSS selector: (“p. “) In older versions of Beautiful Soup, which don’t have the class_ shortcut, you can use the attrs trick mentioned above. Create a dictionary whose value for “class” is the string (or regular expression, or whatever) you want to search for: nd_all(“a”, attrs={“class”: “sister”}) The string argument¶ With string you can search for strings instead of tags. As with name and the keyword arguments, you can pass in a string, a regular expression, a list, a function, or the value True. Here are some examples: nd_all(string=”Elsie”) # [‘Elsie’] nd_all(string=[“Tillie”, “Elsie”, “Lacie”]) # [‘Elsie’, ‘Lacie’, ‘Tillie’] nd_all(mpile(“Dormouse”)) # [“The Dormouse’s story”, “The Dormouse’s story”] def is_the_only_string_within_a_tag(s): “””Return True if this string is the only child of its parent tag. “”” return (s ==) nd_all(string=is_the_only_string_within_a_tag) # [“The Dormouse’s story”, “The Dormouse’s story”, ‘Elsie’, ‘Lacie’, ‘Tillie’, ‘… ‘] Although string is for finding strings, you can combine it with arguments that find tags: Beautiful Soup will find all tags whose matches your value for string. This code finds the <a> tags whose is “Elsie”: nd_all(“a”, string=”Elsie”) # [<a href=" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>] The string argument is new in Beautiful Soup 4. 4. 0. In earlier versions it was called text: nd_all(“a”, text=”Elsie”) The limit argument¶ find_all() returns all the tags and strings that match your filters. This can take a while if the document is large. If you don’t need all the results, you can pass in a number for limit. This works just like the LIMIT keyword in SQL. It tells Beautiful Soup to stop gathering results after it’s found a certain number. There are three links in the “three sisters” document, but this code only finds the first two: nd_all(“a”, limit=2) # <a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a>] The recursive argument¶ If you call nd_all(), Beautiful Soup will examine all the descendants of mytag: its children, its children’s children, and so on. If you only want Beautiful Soup to consider direct children, you can pass in recursive=False. See the differe <img decoding="async" src="" alt="Beautiful Soup Documentation — Beautiful Soup 4.4.0 ..." title="Beautiful Soup Documentation — Beautiful Soup 4.4.0 ..." /> <h2>Beautiful Soup Documentation — Beautiful Soup 4.4.0 …</h2> Beautiful Soup Beautiful Soup is a Python library for pulling data out of HTML and XML files. It works with your favorite parser to provide idiomatic ways of navigating, searching, and modifying the parse tree. It commonly saves programmers hours or days of work. These instructions illustrate all major features of Beautiful Soup 4, with examples. I show you what the library is good for, how it works, how to use it, how to make it do what you want, and what to do when it violates your expectations. This document covers Beautiful Soup version 4. 8. 1. The examples in this documentation should work the same way in Python 2. 7 and Python 3. 2. You might be looking for the documentation for Beautiful Soup 3. If so, you should know that Beautiful Soup 3 is no longer being developed and that support for it will be dropped on or after December 31, 2020. If you want to learn about the differences between Beautiful Soup 3 and Beautiful Soup 4, see Porting code to BS4. This documentation has been translated into other languages by Beautiful Soup users: 这篇文档当然还有中文版. このページは日本語で利用できます(外部リンク) 이 문서는 한국어 번역도 가능합니다. Este documento também está disponível em Português do Brasil. Getting help¶ If you have questions about Beautiful Soup, or run into problems, send mail to the discussion group. If your problem involves parsing an HTML document, be sure to mention what the diagnose() function says about that document. Here’s an HTML document I’ll be using as an example throughout this document. It’s part of a story from Alice in Wonderland: html_doc = “”” <html><head><title>The Dormouse’s story

The Dormouse’s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
Elsie,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.

…

“””
Running the “three sisters” document through Beautiful Soup gives us a
BeautifulSoup object, which represents the document as a nested
data structure:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, ”)
print(ettify())
#
#
# # The Dormouse’s story #
#
#
#

#
#
#

#

# Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
#
# Elsie
#
#,
#
# Lacie
# and
# Tillie
#; and they lived at the bottom of a well.
#…
#
#
Here are some simple ways to navigate that data structure:
# The Dormouse’s story
# u’title’
# u’The Dormouse’s story’
# u’head’
soup. p
#

The Dormouse’s story

soup. p[‘class’]
soup. a
# Elsie
nd_all(‘a’)
# [Elsie,
# Lacie,
# Tillie]
(id=”link3″)
# Tillie
One common task is extracting all the URLs found within a page’s tags:
for link in nd_all(‘a’):
print((‘href’))
# # #
Another common task is extracting all the text from a page:
print(t_text())
#
# Elsie,
# Lacie and
# Tillie;
# and they lived at the bottom of a well.
Does this look like what you need? If so, read on.
If you’re using a recent version of Debian or Ubuntu Linux, you can
install Beautiful Soup with the system package manager:
$ apt-get install python-bs4 (for Python 2)
$ apt-get install python3-bs4 (for Python 3)
Beautiful Soup 4 is published through PyPi, so if you can’t install it
with the system packager, you can install it with easy_install or
pip. The package name is beautifulsoup4, and the same package
works on Python 2 and Python 3. Make sure you use the right version of
pip or easy_install for your Python version (these may be named
pip3 and easy_install3 respectively if you’re using Python 3).
$ easy_install beautifulsoup4
$ pip install beautifulsoup4
(The BeautifulSoup package is probably not what you want. That’s
the previous major release, Beautiful Soup 3. Lots of software uses
BS3, so it’s still available, but if you’re writing new code you
should install beautifulsoup4. )
If you don’t have easy_install or pip installed, you can
download the Beautiful Soup 4 source tarball and
install it with
$ python install
If all else fails, the license for Beautiful Soup allows you to
package the entire library with your application. You can download the
tarball, copy its bs4 directory into your application’s codebase,
and use Beautiful Soup without installing it at all.
I use Python 2. 7 and Python 3. 2 to develop Beautiful Soup, but it
should work with other recent versions.
Problems after installation¶
Beautiful Soup is packaged as Python 2 code. When you install it for
use with Python 3, it’s automatically converted to Python 3 code. If
you don’t install the package, the code won’t be converted. There have
also been reports on Windows machines of the wrong version being
installed.
If you get the ImportError “No module named HTMLParser”, your
problem is that you’re running the Python 2 version of the code under
Python 3.
If you get the ImportError “No module named ”, your
problem is that you’re running the Python 3 version of the code under
Python 2.
In both cases, your best bet is to completely remove the Beautiful
Soup installation from your system (including any directory created
when you unzipped the tarball) and try the installation again.
If you get the SyntaxError “Invalid syntax” on the line
ROOT_TAG_NAME = u'[document]’, you need to convert the Python 2
code to Python 3. You can do this either by installing the package:
$ python3 install
or by manually running Python’s 2to3 conversion script on the
bs4 directory:
$ 2to3-3. 2 -w bs4
Installing a parser¶
Beautiful Soup supports the HTML parser included in Python’s standard
library, but it also supports a number of third-party Python parsers.
One is the lxml parser. Depending on your setup,
you might install lxml with one of these commands:
$ apt-get install python-lxml
$ easy_install lxml
$ pip install lxml
Another alternative is the pure-Python html5lib parser, which parses HTML the way a
web browser does. Depending on your setup, you might install html5lib
with one of these commands:
$ apt-get install python-html5lib
$ easy_install html5lib
$ pip install html5lib
This table summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each parser library:
Parser
Typical usage
Advantages
Disadvantages
Python’s
BeautifulSoup(markup, “”)
Batteries included
Decent speed
Lenient (As of Python 2. 7. 3
and 3. 2. )
Not as fast as lxml,
less lenient than
html5lib.
lxml’s HTML parser
BeautifulSoup(markup, “lxml”)
Very fast
Lenient
External C dependency
lxml’s XML parser
BeautifulSoup(markup, “lxml-xml”)
BeautifulSoup(markup, “xml”)
The only currently supported
XML parser
html5lib
BeautifulSoup(markup, “html5lib”)
Extremely lenient
Parses pages the same way a
web browser does
Creates valid HTML5
Very slow
External Python
dependency
If you can, I recommend you install and use lxml for speed. If you’re
using a version of Python 2 earlier than 2. 3, or a version of Python
3 earlier than 3. 2, it’s essential that you install lxml or
html5lib–Python’s built-in HTML parser is just not very good in older
versions.
Note that if a document is invalid, different parsers will generate
different Beautiful Soup trees for it. See Differences
between parsers for details.
To parse a document, pass it into the BeautifulSoup
constructor. You can pass in a string or an open filehandle:
with open(“”) as fp:
soup = BeautifulSoup(fp)
soup = BeautifulSoup(“data“)
First, the document is converted to Unicode, and HTML entities are
converted to Unicode characters:
BeautifulSoup(“Sacré bleu! “)
Sacré bleu!
Beautiful Soup then parses the document using the best available
parser. It will use an HTML parser unless you specifically tell it to
use an XML parser. (See Parsing XML. )
Beautiful Soup transforms a complex HTML document into a complex tree
of Python objects. But you’ll only ever have to deal with about four
kinds of objects: Tag, NavigableString, BeautifulSoup,
and Comment.
Tag¶
A Tag object corresponds to an XML or HTML tag in the original document:
soup = BeautifulSoup(‘Extremely bold‘)
tag = soup. b
type(tag)
#
Tags have a lot of attributes and methods, and I’ll cover most of them
in Navigating the tree and Searching the tree. For now, the most
important features of a tag are its name and attributes.
Name¶
Every tag has a name, accessible as
If you change a tag’s name, the change will be reflected in any HTML
markup generated by Beautiful Soup:
= “blockquote”
tag
#

Extremely bold

Attributes¶
A tag may have any number of attributes. The tag has an attribute “id” whose value is
“boldest”. You can access a tag’s attributes by treating the tag like
a dictionary:
You can access that dictionary directly as
# {u’id’: ‘boldest’}
You can add, remove, and modify a tag’s attributes. Again, this is
done by treating the tag as a dictionary:
tag[‘id’] = ‘verybold’
tag[‘another-attribute’] = 1
#
del tag[‘id’]
del tag[‘another-attribute’]
#
tag[‘id’]
# KeyError: ‘id’
print((‘id’))
# None
Multi-valued attributes¶
HTML 4 defines a few attributes that can have multiple values. HTML 5
removes a couple of them, but defines a few more. The most common
multi-valued attribute is class (that is, a tag can have more than
one CSS class). Others include rel, rev, accept-charset,
headers, and accesskey. Beautiful Soup presents the value(s)
of a multi-valued attribute as a list:
css_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘)
css_soup. p[‘class’]
# [“body”]
css_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘)
# [“body”, “strikeout”]
If an attribute looks like it has more than one value, but it’s not
a multi-valued attribute as defined by any version of the HTML
standard, Beautiful Soup will leave the attribute alone:
id_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘)
id_soup. p[‘id’]
# ‘my id’
When you turn a tag back into a string, multiple attribute values are
consolidated:
rel_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘
Back to the homepage

‘)
rel_soup. a[‘rel’]
# [‘index’]
rel_soup. a[‘rel’] = [‘index’, ‘contents’]
print(rel_soup. p)
#

Back to the homepage

You can disable this by passing multi_valued_attributes=None as a
keyword argument into the BeautifulSoup constructor:
no_list_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ‘html’, multi_valued_attributes=None)
no_list_soup. p[‘class’]
# u’body strikeout’
You can use `get_attribute_list to get a value that’s always a
list, whether or not it’s a multi-valued atribute:
t_attribute_list(‘id’)
# [“my id”]
If you parse a document as XML, there are no multi-valued attributes:
xml_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ‘xml’)
xml_soup. p[‘class’]
Again, you can configure this using the multi_valued_attributes argument:
class_is_multi= { ‘*’: ‘class’}
xml_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘

‘, ‘xml’, multi_valued_attributes=class_is_multi)
# [u’body’, u’strikeout’]
You probably won’t need to do this, but if you do, use the defaults as
a guide. They implement the rules described in the HTML specification:
from er import builder_registry
(‘html’). DEFAULT_CDATA_LIST_ATTRIBUTES
NavigableString¶
A string corresponds to a bit of text within a tag. Beautiful Soup
uses the NavigableString class to contain these bits of text:
# u’Extremely bold’
type()
#
A NavigableString is just like a Python Unicode string, except
that it also supports some of the features described in Navigating
the tree and Searching the tree. You can convert a
NavigableString to a Unicode string with unicode():
unicode_string = unicode()
unicode_string
type(unicode_string)
#
You can’t edit a string in place, but you can replace one string with
another, using replace_with():
(“No longer bold”)
#

No longer bold

NavigableString supports most of the features described in
Navigating the tree and Searching the tree, but not all of
them. In particular, since a string can’t contain anything (the way a
tag may contain a string or another tag), strings don’t support the. contents or attributes, or the find() method.
If you want to use a NavigableString outside of Beautiful Soup,
you should call unicode() on it to turn it into a normal Python
Unicode string. If you don’t, your string will carry around a
reference to the entire Beautiful Soup parse tree, even when you’re
done using Beautiful Soup. This is a big waste of memory.
BeautifulSoup¶
The BeautifulSoup object represents the parsed document as a
whole. For most purposes, you can treat it as a Tag
object. This means it supports most of the methods described in
Navigating the tree and Searching the tree.
You can also pass a BeautifulSoup object into one of the methods
defined in Modifying the tree, just as you would a Tag. This
lets you do things like combine two parsed documents:
doc = BeautifulSoup(“INSERT FOOTER HEREHere’s the footer
“, “xml”)
(text=”INSERT FOOTER HERE”). replace_with(footer)
# u’INSERT FOOTER HERE’
print(doc)
#
#

Here’s the footer

Since the BeautifulSoup object doesn’t correspond to an actual
HTML or XML tag, it has no name and no attributes. But sometimes it’s
useful to look at its, so it’s been given the special
“[document]”:
# u'[document]’
Here’s the “Three sisters” HTML document again:
I’ll use this as an example to show you how to move from one part of
a document to another.
Going down¶
Tags may contain strings and other tags. These elements are the tag’s
children. Beautiful Soup provides a lot of different attributes for
navigating and iterating over a tag’s children.
Note that Beautiful Soup strings don’t support any of these
attributes, because a string can’t have children.
Navigating using tag names¶
The simplest way to navigate the parse tree is to say the name of the
tag you want. If you want the tag, just say
# The Dormouse’s story
You can do use this trick again and again to zoom in on a certain part
of the parse tree. This code gets the first tag beneath the tag:
# The Dormouse’s story
Using a tag name as an attribute will give you only the first tag by that
name:
If you need to get all the tags, or anything more complicated
than the first tag with a certain name, you’ll need to use one of the
methods described in Searching the tree, such as find_all():
# Tillie]. contents and. children¶
A tag’s children are available in a list called. contents:
head_tag =
head_tag
ntents
[The Dormouse’s story]
title_tag = ntents[0]
title_tag
# [u’The Dormouse’s story’]
The BeautifulSoup object itself has children. In this case, the
tag is the child of the BeautifulSoup object. :
len(ntents)
# 1
ntents[0]
# u’html’
A string does not have. contents, because it can’t contain
anything:
text = ntents[0]
# AttributeError: ‘NavigableString’ object has no attribute ‘contents’
Instead of getting them as a list, you can iterate over a tag’s
children using the. children generator:
for child in ildren:
print(child)
# The Dormouse’s story. descendants¶
The. children attributes only consider a tag’s
direct children. For instance, the tag has a single direct
child–the tag: # [<title>The Dormouse’s story]
But the tag itself has a child: the string “The Dormouse’s story”. There’s a sense in which that string is also a child of the <head> tag. The. descendants attribute lets you iterate over all of a tag’s children, recursively: its direct children, the children of its direct children, and so on: for child in scendants: The <head> tag has only one child, but it has two descendants: the <title> tag and the <title> tag’s child. The BeautifulSoup object only has one direct child (the <html> tag), but it has a whole lot of descendants: len(list(ildren)) len(list(scendants)) # 25 ¶ If a tag has only one child, and that child is a NavigableString, the child is made available as If a tag’s only child is another tag, and that tag has a, then the parent tag is considered to have the same as its child: If a tag contains more than one thing, then it’s not clear what should refer to, so is defined to be None: print() # None. strings and stripped_strings¶ If there’s more than one thing inside a tag, you can still look at just the strings. Use the. strings generator: for string in rings: print(repr(string)) # u”The Dormouse’s story” # u’nn’ # u’Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names weren’ # u’Elsie’ # u’, n’ # u’Lacie’ # u’ andn’ # u’Tillie’ # u’;nand they lived at the bottom of a well. ‘ # u’… ‘ # u’n’ These strings tend to have a lot of extra whitespace, which you can remove by using the. stripped_strings generator instead: for string in ripped_strings: # u’Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were’ # u’, ‘ # u’and’ Here, strings consisting entirely of whitespace are ignored, and whitespace at the beginning and end of strings is removed. Going up¶ Continuing the “family tree” analogy, every tag and every string has a parent: the tag that contains it. You can access an element’s parent with the attribute. In the example “three sisters” document, the <head> tag is the parent of the <title> tag: title_tag = The title string itself has a parent: the <title> tag that contains it: The parent of a top-level tag like <html> is the BeautifulSoup object itself: html_tag = # <class 'autifulSoup'> And the of a BeautifulSoup object is defined as None: # None. parents¶ You can iterate over all of an element’s parents with. parents. This example uses. parents to travel from an <a> tag buried deep within the document, to the very top of the document: link = soup. a link for parent in rents: if parent is None: print(parent) else: # p # body # html # [document] Going sideways¶ Consider a simple document like this: sibling_soup = BeautifulSoup(“<a>text1<c>text2</c></a>“) # <a> # text1 # <c> # text2 # </c> The tag and the <c> tag are at the same level: they’re both direct children of the same tag. We call them siblings. When a document is pretty-printed, siblings show up at the same indentation level. You can also use this relationship in the code you write.. next_sibling and. previous_sibling¶ You can use. previous_sibling to navigate between page elements that are on the same level of the parse tree: xt_sibling # <c>text2</c> evious_sibling # text1 The tag has a. next_sibling, but no. previous_sibling, because there’s nothing before the tag on the same level of the tree. For the same reason, the <c> tag has a. previous_sibling but no. next_sibling: print(evious_sibling) print(xt_sibling) The strings “text1” and “text2” are not siblings, because they don’t have the same parent: # u’text1′ In real documents, the. next_sibling or. previous_sibling of a tag will usually be a string containing whitespace. Going back to the “three sisters” document: <a href=" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a> <a href=" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> <a href=" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> You might think that the. next_sibling of the first <a> tag would be the second <a> tag. But actually, it’s a string: the comma and newline that separate the first <a> tag from the second: The second <a> tag is actually the. next_sibling of the comma: # <a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a>. next_siblings and. previous_siblings¶ You can iterate over a tag’s siblings with. next_siblings or. previous_siblings: for sibling in xt_siblings: print(repr(sibling)) # <a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a> # u’; and they lived at the bottom of a well. ‘ for sibling in (id=”link3″). previous_siblings: # ‘ andn’ Going back and forth¶ Take a look at the beginning of the “three sisters” document: An HTML parser takes this string of characters and turns it into a series of events: “open an <html> tag”, “open a <head> tag”, “open a <title> tag”, “add a string”, “close the <title> tag”, “open a tag”, and so on. Beautiful Soup offers tools for reconstructing the initial parse of the document.. next_element and. previous_element¶ The. next_element attribute of a string or tag points to whatever was parsed immediately afterwards. It might be the same as. next_sibling, but it’s usually drastically different. Here’s the final <a> tag in the “three sisters” document. Its. next_sibling is a string: the conclusion of the sentence that was interrupted by the start of the <a> tag. : last_a_tag = (“a”, id=”link3″) last_a_tag # ‘; and they lived at the bottom of a well. ‘ But the. next_element of that <a> tag, the thing that was parsed immediately after the <a> tag, is not the rest of that sentence: it’s the word “Tillie”: xt_element That’s because in the original markup, the word “Tillie” appeared before that semicolon. The parser encountered an <a> tag, then the word “Tillie”, then the closing </a> tag, then the semicolon and rest of the sentence. The semicolon is on the same level as the <a> tag, but the word “Tillie” was encountered first. The. previous_element attribute is the exact opposite of. next_element. It points to whatever element was parsed immediately before this one: evious_element # <a class="sister" href=" id="link3">Tillie</a>. next_elements and. previous_elements¶ You should get the idea by now. You can use these iterators to move forward or backward in the document as it was parsed: for element in xt_elements: print(repr(element)) # … Beautiful Soup defines a lot of methods for searching the parse tree, but they’re all very similar. I’m going to spend a lot of time explaining the two most popular methods: find() and find_all(). The other methods take almost exactly the same arguments, so I’ll just cover them briefly. Once again, I’ll be using the “three sisters” document as an example: By passing in a filter to an argument like find_all(), you can zoom in on the parts of the document you’re interested in. Kinds of filters¶ Before talking in detail about find_all() and similar methods, I want to show examples of different filters you can pass into these methods. These filters show up again and again, throughout the search API. You can use them to filter based on a tag’s name, on its attributes, on the text of a string, or on some combination of these. A string¶ The simplest filter is a string. Pass a string to a search method and Beautiful Soup will perform a match against that exact string. This code finds all the tags in the document: nd_all(‘b’) # [The Dormouse’s story] If you pass in a byte string, Beautiful Soup will assume the string is encoded as UTF-8. You can avoid this by passing in a Unicode string instead. A regular expression¶ If you pass in a regular expression object, Beautiful Soup will filter against that regular expression using its search() method. This code finds all the tags whose names start with the letter “b”; in this case, the <body> tag and the tag: import re for tag in nd_all(mpile(“^b”)): # b This code finds all the tags whose names contain the letter ‘t’: for tag in nd_all(mpile(“t”)): # title A list¶ If you pass in a list, Beautiful Soup will allow a string match against any item in that list. This code finds all the <a> tags and all the tags: nd_all([“a”, “b”]) # [The Dormouse’s story, # <a class="sister" href=" id="link1">Elsie</a>, True¶ The value True matches everything it can. This code finds all the tags in the document, but none of the text strings: for tag in nd_all(True): # head # a A function¶ If none of the other matches work for you, define a function that takes an element as its only argument. The function should return True if the argument matches, and False otherwise. Here’s a function that returns True if a tag defines the “class” attribute but doesn’t define the “id” attribute: def has_class_but_no_id(tag): return tag. has_attr(‘class’) and not tag. has_attr(‘id’) Pass this function into find_all() and you’ll pick up all the tags: nd_all(has_class_but_no_id) # [ The Dormouse’s story , # Once upon a time there were… , # … ] This function only picks up the tags. It doesn’t pick up the <a> tags, because those tags define both “class” and “id”. It doesn’t pick up tags like <html> and <title>, because those tags don’t define “class”. If you pass in a function to filter on a specific attribute like href, the argument passed into the function will be the attribute value, not the whole tag. Here’s a function that finds all a tags whose href attribute does not match a regular expression: def not_lacie(href): return href and not mpile(“lacie”)(href) nd_all(href=not_lacie) The function can be as complicated as you need it to be. Here’s a function that returns True if a tag is surrounded by string objects: from bs4 import NavigableString def surrounded_by_strings(tag): return (isinstance(xt_element, NavigableString) and isinstance(evious_element, NavigableString)) for tag in nd_all(surrounded_by_strings): print Now we’re ready to look at the search methods in detail. find_all()¶ Signature: find_all(name, attrs, recursive, string, limit, **kwargs) The find_all() method looks through a tag’s descendants and retrieves all descendants that match your filters. I gave several examples in Kinds of filters, but here are a few more: nd_all(“title”) nd_all(“p”, “title”) # [ The Dormouse’s story ] nd_all(“a”) nd_all(id=”link2″) # [<a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a>] (mpile(“sisters”)) Some of these should look familiar, but others are new. What does it mean to pass in a value for string, or id? Why does find_all(“p”, “title”) find a tag with the CSS class “title”? Let’s look at the arguments to find_all(). The name argument¶ Pass in a value for name and you’ll tell Beautiful Soup to only consider tags with certain names. Text strings will be ignored, as will tags whose names that don’t match. This is the simplest usage: Recall from Kinds of filters that the value to name can be a string, a regular expression, a list, a function, or the value True. The keyword arguments¶ Any argument that’s not recognized will be turned into a filter on one of a tag’s attributes. If you pass in a value for an argument called id, Beautiful Soup will filter against each tag’s ‘id’ attribute: nd_all(id=’link2′) If you pass in a value for href, Beautiful Soup will filter against each tag’s ‘href’ attribute: nd_all(mpile(“elsie”)) # [<a class="sister" href=" id="link1">Elsie</a>] You can filter an attribute based on a string, a regular expression, a list, a function, or the value True. This code finds all tags whose id attribute has a value, regardless of what the value is: nd_all(id=True) You can filter multiple attributes at once by passing in more than one keyword argument: nd_all(mpile(“elsie”), id=’link1′) # [<a class="sister" href=" id="link1">three</a>] Some attributes, like the data-* attributes in HTML 5, have names that can’t be used as the names of keyword arguments: data_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘ <div data-foo="value">foo! </div> ‘) nd_all(data-foo=”value”) # SyntaxError: keyword can’t be an expression You can use these attributes in searches by putting them into a dictionary and passing the dictionary into find_all() as the attrs argument: nd_all(attrs={“data-foo”: “value”}) # [ <div data-foo="value">foo! </div> ] You can’t use a keyword argument to search for HTML’s ‘name’ element, because Beautiful Soup uses the name argument to contain the name of the tag itself. Instead, you can give a value to ‘name’ in the name_soup = BeautifulSoup(‘<input name="email"/>‘) nd_all(name=”email”) # [] nd_all(attrs={“name”: “email”}) # [<input name="email"/>] Searching by CSS class¶ It’s very useful to search for a tag that has a certain CSS class, but the name of the CSS attribute, “class”, is a reserved word in Python. Using class as a keyword argument will give you a syntax error. As of Beautiful Soup 4. 2, you can search by CSS class using the keyword argument class_: nd_all(“a”, class_=”sister”) As with any keyword argument, you can pass class_ a string, a regular expression, a function, or True: nd_all(mpile(“itl”)) def has_six_characters(css_class): return css_class is not None and len(css_class) == 6 nd_all(class_=has_six_characters) Remember that a single tag can have multiple values for its “class” attribute. When you search for a tag that matches a certain CSS class, you’re matching against any of its CSS classes: nd_all(“p”, class_=”strikeout”) # [ ] nd_all(“p”, class_=”body”) You can also search for the exact string value of the class attribute: nd_all(“p”, class_=”body strikeout”) But searching for variants of the string value won’t work: nd_all(“p”, class_=”strikeout body”) If you want to search for tags that match two or more CSS classes, you should use a CSS selector: (“p. “) In older versions of Beautiful Soup, which don’t have the class_ shortcut, you can use the attrs trick mentioned above. Create a dictionary whose value for “class” is the string (or regular expression, or whatever) you want to search for: nd_all(“a”, attrs={“class”: “sister”}) The string argument¶ With string you can search for strings instead of tags. As with name and the keyword arguments, you can pass in a string, a regular expression, a list, a function, or the value True. Here are some examples: nd_all(string=”Elsie”) # [u’Elsie’] nd_all(string=[“Tillie”, “Elsie”, “Lacie”]) # [u’Elsie’, u’Lacie’, u’Tillie’] nd_all(mpile(“Dormouse”)) [u”The Dormouse’s story”, u”The Dormouse’s story”] def is_the_only_string_within_a_tag(s): “””Return True if this string is the only child of its parent tag. “”” return (s ==) nd_all(string=is_the_only_string_within_a_tag) # [u”The Dormouse’s story”, u”The Dormouse’s story”, u’Elsie’, u’Lacie’, u’Tillie’, u’… ‘] Although string is for finding strings, you can combine it with arguments that find tags: Beautiful Soup will find all tags whose matches your value for string. This code finds the <a> tags whose is “Elsie”: nd_all(“a”, string=”Elsie”) # [<a href=" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>] The string argument is new in Beautiful Soup 4. 4. 0. In earlier versions it was called text: nd_all(“a”, text=”Elsie”) The limit argument¶ find_all() returns all the tags and strings that match your filters. This can take a while if the document is large. If you don’t need all the results, you can pass in a number for limit. This works just like the LIMIT keyword in SQL. It tells Beautiful Soup to stop gathering results after it’s found a certain number. There are three links in the “three sisters” document, but this code only finds the first two: nd_all(“a”, limit=2) # <a class="sister" href=" id="link2">Lacie</a>] The recursive argument¶ If you call nd_all(), Beautiful Soup will examine all the descendants of mytag: its children, its children’s children, and so on. If you only want Beautiful Soup to consider direct children, you can pass in recursive=False. See the difference here: (“title”) (“title”, recursive=False) Here’s that part of the document: <html> <head> <title> The Dormouse’s story 
…
The tag is beneath the <html <img decoding="async" src="" alt="BeautifulSoup4 - PyPI" title="BeautifulSoup4 - PyPI" /> <h2>BeautifulSoup4 – PyPI</h2> Project description Beautiful Soup is a library that makes it easy to scrape information from web pages. It sits atop an HTML or XML parser, providing Pythonic idioms for iterating, searching, and modifying the parse tree. >>> from bs4 import BeautifulSoup >>> soup = BeautifulSoup(“ SomebadHTML”) >>> print(ettify()) <html> <body> Some bad HTML <script src="https://bilderupload.net/wp-content/cache/min/1/b5213d67c5d0e754e158f677f523f49c.js" data-minify="1" defer></script><noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://bilderupload.net/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.2' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='blog-tales-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Playfair+Display%3A400%2C700%7CLato%3A400%2C700&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='blog-tales-blocks-css' href='https://bilderupload.net/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/blog-tales/assets/css/blocks.css?ver=1706965618' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='blog-tales-style-css' href='https://bilderupload.net/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/blog-tales/style.css?ver=1706965618' type='text/css' media='all' /></noscript></body> </html> >>> (text=”bad”) ‘bad’ >>> soup. i HTML # >>> soup = BeautifulSoup(“<tag1>Some<tag2/>bad<tag3>XML”, “xml”) <? xml version="1. 0" encoding="utf-8"? > <tag1> <tag2/> <tag3> XML </tag3> </tag1> To go beyond the basics, comprehensive documentation is available. Homepage Documentation Discussion group Development Bug tracker Complete changelog Beautiful Soup’s support for Python 2 was discontinued on December 31, 2020: one year after the sunset date for Python 2 itself. From this point onward, new Beautiful Soup development will exclusively target Python 3. The final release of Beautiful Soup 4 to support Python 2 was 4. 9. 3. If you use Beautiful Soup as part of your professional work, please consider a Tidelift subscription. This will support many of the free software projects your organization depends on, not just Beautiful Soup. If you use Beautiful Soup for personal projects, the best way to say thank you is to read Tool Safety, a zine I wrote about what Beautiful Soup has taught me about software development. The bs4/doc/ directory contains full documentation in Sphinx format. Run make html in that directory to create HTML documentation. Beautiful Soup supports unit test discovery from the project root directory: $ nosetests $ python3 -m unittest discover -s bs4 Download files Download the file for your platform. If you’re not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. Files for beautifulsoup4, version 4. 10. 0 Filename, size File type Python version Upload date Hashes (97. 4 kB) Wheel py3 Sep 8, 2021 View (399. 9 kB) Source None View <h2>Frequently Asked Questions about beautifulsoup4 documentation</h2> <h3>What is BeautifulSoup documentation?</h3> Beautiful Soup Documentation Beautiful Soup is a Python library for pulling data out of HTML and XML files. You might be looking for the documentation for Beautiful Soup 3. If so, you should know that Beautiful Soup 3 is no longer being developed and that support for it will be dropped on or after December 31, 2020. <h3>How do I use beautifulsoup4?</h3> To use beautiful soup, you need to install it: $ pip install beautifulsoup4 . Beautiful Soup also relies on a parser, the default is lxml . You may already have it, but you should check (open IDLE and attempt to import lxml). If not, do: $ pip install lxml or $ apt-get install python-lxml . <h3>Is BeautifulSoup 4 Safe?</h3> The python package beautifulsoup4 was scanned for known vulnerabilities and missing license, and no issues were found. 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